一些可替换的高级词汇

第一类：
巨大: big-colossal/enormous/ immense/ gargantuan/ grandiose/ massive/ monolithic/ prodigious/titanic/ tremendous
小的:small-diminutive/ miniature/ miniscule
快的(副词):fastly—by leaps andbounds
加强:strengthen-bolster/ buttress/ consolidate/ reinforce/ intensify/ fortify (可以用在argument)
强的:strong-brawny/ muscular/ sinewy/ impregnable/ invincible/ potent/ robust/virile/ stalwart/ stout/ sturdy
强人: baron(巨头) magnate/mogul
削弱:weaken-diminish / debilitate/ enervate/ sap/ undermine/perish/wane
弱的: weak—feeble/decrepit/ frail/ flaccid/ impotent/ puny/ tenuous
重要的: important –consequential/momentous/ eminent/ prominent/ pivotal/ substantial/ significant/ crucial/essential/ fundamental
重要:importance—core/ hub/ essence/ gist/magnitude
（类似的）
居首位的: leading—foremost/paramount/ overriding /predominant/ prevailing/ preeminent prevalent/ supreme
不重要的: unimportant—marginal/peripheral/ negligible/ trifling/trivial
超过:surpass—eclipse/exceed/override/overwhelming/prevail/transcend/ be superior to/outwit / outweigh / be inferior to（劣于）= be subordinate to
霸权:ascendancy/hegemony/supremacy

二
初始: beginning—debut/premiere/prime/ genesis/ inception/ onset/ threshold/ lead off/ lead out (比to begin with好得多拉 )
(或者说什么的到来：adventof something)
初始的: beginning--primitive//budding/ fledgling/ embryonic/（古老的意义解时archaic or antiquated or obsolescent or obsolete）
开始: begin/start—commence/initiate/ embark/ inaugurate
开始：begin/start=undertake/ embark upon
增长: grow—multiply/mushroom/proliferate/sprout/accelerate/ burgeon(慢慢增长)
使其增长:increase--amplify/ magnify/ add-augment/ supplement
加重，升级aggravate (恶化)/ escalate/ exacerbate/ deteriorate/ impair
减少，减弱:decrease—abate/attenuate/detract/ diminish/ slacken/curb/ curtail/ (number)pare/ prune/ slash/ trim/whittle/
减轻decrease---allay/assuage/ mollify/ soothe/mitigate/
变弱decrease—dwindle/ ebb/subside/ wane/ weaken/ impair
上升: ascend—lift / surge/rocket/ boast/ soar/ boom
达到顶峰 culminate 顶点: peak—acme/apex/pinnacle/ climax/ apogee n.远地点/ zenith(nadir最低点 or abyss深渊) (zenith&nadir特别适合用在比喻 强调两者的区别大~两个词的来源大家可以查查~两个对比强烈哦 )
下降: descend/ plummet/plunge/ slump/ tumble (fluctuate波动)

三
gather聚拢：accumulate/amass/ assemble/ congregate/ garner/ glean/ muster/ rally(为反对或支持而召集)
group群组：battalion/bevy/ cluster/ drove/ flock/ swarm/ throng
combination集合：assortment/medley/ mosaic（马赛克）/ motley(五花八门：形容词也可以)
a lot of/ a great many of= manifold 许多 –abundant/ ample(充足)/ copious(大量的)/fraught with/ replete with/ numerous/ innumerable(不计其数)/ myriad 很多/ a multitudeof/ multitudes of/ a myriad of 无数的人们/ limitless无限的/ a deluge of/ beaucoup <法> adj.非常多的
(很多同学都喜欢用~alot of~a great number of~这里注意:numerous这里表达的不是无数很多那样~之表示一般的多~这一点从G猫老外改得一篇文章可以看到)
large quantity: 大量：avalanche/spate(比喻意大量的某物)/ exodus大量流出/ 大量流入influx/multitude大量 /plethora 比喻意：大量/profusion 丰富，繁多
拥有大量：boast/abound / deluge(被大量的某物所淹没)/teem到处
散开：spread-dispel(驱散)/ disperse/disseminate
稀少的：scarce/meager/ scant/ scanty/ skimpy/ sparse/ dearth
节俭的：frugal/thrifty/ miserly/
富裕的：rich-affluent/ lavish/ luxurious/ opulent/ sumptuous/ palatial
浪费的：improvident/prodigal son（浪荡子）=improvident/profligate
贫困的：poor=destitute/ impoverished/ impecunious/ indigent (形容人)

四
困难的：difficult=arduous/ strenuous/ daunting/ formidable/ exacting/ insuperable/ impassable/ onerous（issue中大量存在"困难"的表达）
困境：(陷入困难的处境就是困难)difficultsituations= deadlock/ impasse/ stalemate/ dilemma/ predicament/ quandary/ mire泥沼/ morass/swamp/ quagmire/ standstill停止，僵局/ labyrinth迷宫(很好的比喻的说法~可以说什么问题把我们陷入了一个迷宫~僵局等~)
陷入：reduce/ getbogged down/ plunge into
复杂的：complicated/intricate/ complex/(这里介绍一个很好的押韵的方法：complexand perplexed/ complicate and intricate or sophisticated用在表达困难的地方可以显示出词汇的完善更能有一种押运修辞的效果~读起来琅琅上口)
复杂的事情：imbroglio/mesh/ tangle/ labyrinth迷宫= maze
卷入复杂的境地：involve=embroil/ ensnare/ entangle
从复杂境地脱身：escape=extricate
难以理解：abstruse/recondite/ intricate/ arcane只有少数人可以理解=esoteric/ cryptic 简短却令人迷惑/ enigmatic 谜一般的 enigma 形容词形式/ inexplicable无法解释/ inscrutable无法捉摸=unfathomable/mysterious/ supernatural/ mystical/ extraterrestrial
(这里的词很多都表示 难以理解~ 很多题目学习类~教育类~社会类~历史类~艺术类~只要表示某某问题把我们难倒了都可以用)
迷mystery-puzzle=enigma/ conundrum/ riddle/迷宫labyrinth/ maze
令人迷惑：puzzle= baffle/ befuddle/ bewilder/ confound/ mystify/ perplex
令人沮丧：depressed=with depression/ frustrating/ daunting/ dismal/
使可以理解：clarify=elucidate/ enlighten启迪教化/explicate阐明/ expoundon/upon /illuminate照亮说清楚
可以理解的：intelligible= explicit/ lucid
阻碍：hindrance名次= fetter/shackle/ trammel枷锁桎梏/onus负担重任
阻碍：动词hamper= encumber造成负担/foil/ stymie/ thwart阻碍或者挫败工作完成/handicap/ hinder/ impede/ retard
压制：smother/stifle 令人窒息，压制约束suppress/ pin down
协助促进：aid= facilitate/ foster/ nurture/ buttress/

五
著名的：famous =celebrated/ renowned/ reputed/ distinguished/ illustrious/ prestigious/outstanding/ distinctive/ eminent/ notable/ noticeable/ striking/ remarkable/preeminent
be famous for = take pride in
elite= meritocrat (meritocracy n.知识界精华)(用上的话超级有文采~嘻嘻)
有特色：feature =savor/ 因为什么而闻名可用famous一系列
臭名昭著：disreputable= infamous/ notorious/ nefarious因为极坏而臭名昭著
好的名声：reputation= esteem/ prestige
坏的名声：disgrace/disrepute/ ignominy/ infamy/ odium/ opprobrium/ stigma 不好的声誉，耻辱。
尊重 名次：respect =reverence/ veneration/ homage
高尚的：noble =rarefied/ sublime/ lofty
不尊重 名次：disrespect =scorn蔑视
招人轻视的：contemptible= despicable
尊重：动词idolize/worship/ lionize 对待名人一样的崇拜/revere敬爱，敬畏
不尊重：动词 disrespect/ deride/ scoff嘲笑/ despise/ disdain/ slight/ snub
赞扬：名次praise=accolade赞美，奖项/approbation/ encomium/ eulogy/ panegyric/ plaudit/ tribute/ tribute用来表示赞美的行为或者发言
赞美：动词praise= acclaim/ applaud/ hail欢呼/ commend/ extol/ laud高度的，常常带有美化成分的赞美
应该受到谴责的：形容词reprehensible
谴责：condemn=censure/ denounce/ reprimand/ decry/ deprecate/ deplore叹惋/ lament 叹惋/ remonstrate争辩，申辩
责备：admonish/reproach/ reprove温和的责备
严厉责备：动词berate/ castigate/ chastise/ chide/ excoriate/ inveigh/ rail/ revile/ upbraid
令人讨厌的事物：名次anathema
谩骂的：abusive/vituperative

六
有害的事物：harmfulthings=
contagion传染病瘟疫epidemic/ pandemic也有流行的意思/pestilence/plague
疾病：malady 瘴气：miasma比喻意为有害的气氛或者影响 灾患：scourge
不再害怕看到世界中心深处的毒气：unafraidto look deep into the miasma at the heart of the world.
有害的：harmful =deleterious/ detrimental/ noxious/ toxic/ virulent/ monstrous/ murderous
邪恶的：evil/ devil=cruel/ crude/ brutal/ wicked/ vicious/ malicious/ atrocious/ virulent/ venomous/ sinister/ hafarious/ vicious/ pernicious/ destructive/ detrimental
致命的：fatal/ lethal前两个并非贬义/ pernicious极其有害的
有益的：形容词：hygienic/sanitary 广义的卫生的/ salutary/wholesome有益身心的
有害的事物:bane致命的毒药 /blight植物的枯萎病/
损害：harm = blemish/deface/ disfigure/ eviscerate/ impair减损/main mutilate毁伤肢体/ mar/spoil破坏 demolish
有益的事物：antidote解毒药/ remedy药物：纠错/ panacea 万能良药 elixir 炼金药，万能药(有贬义含义)/ boon赐福blessing /tonic 补药
改善：improve =ameliorate/ amend/ 对法律的修改/rectify/ redress/
毁坏，毁灭：destroy/annihilate彻底消灭/exterminate终结/eliminate/ eradicate/ decimate/ demolish/ dismantle/ raze 彻底摧毁夷为平地/ devastate/ravage/ wreck遭受重创，严重破坏/ obliterate擦去/ pulverize 磨成粉末状/ subvert 颠覆
可怕的：awful =horrible/ terrible/ tragic/ wretched / dire
复苏，复兴 动词：revive=rejuvenate/ resurrect/ resuscitate/ revive
动荡的，混乱的 形容词：tumultuous/turbulent/
混乱：名词：chaos/confusion/ disorder / mayhem/ disarray/ havoc大面积的破坏-混乱pandemonium 撒旦居住的地方，比喻嘈杂，混乱的地方/ shambles废墟/ turmoil 混乱，动荡/ upheaval突发的巨变
灾难：calamity/cataclysm/ catastrophe
危险 名词：danger/hazard/ peril
危险的：hazardous/perilous/ precarious/ treacherous
危及：动词endanger/ compromise/ imperil/ jeopardize
保护：protect =safeguard

表示进步,提高的动词:

improve ameliorate better develop remedy revise enhance enrichupgrade

refine

重要,关键:

important significant consequential momentous considerableessential

valuable distinctive great weighty major serious grave vitalcapital

substantial material; 稍微扯得远一点的还有conspicuous striking prominent

eminent noticeable

正确的,无误的:

correct rectify accurate precise proper undistorted rightimpeccable

增长和减少(这个超级常用!)

increase rise extend magnify decrease reduce fall amplifyaggrandize

elongate intensify enhance prolong strengthen curtail shrinkterminate

lessen abate raise boost intense(intensify) expand augment enlargediminish

dwindle（swindle是诈骗的意思） slump

和证明相关的:

justify warrant assert claim contend argue validate substantiateverify

accuse assign indict allege affirm

论题:

statement claim declaration assertion opinion belief viewconviction

persuasion

要求

request demand needs requisition

撤销

to cancel; to revoke; to countermand; [Law] to rescind; to quash

建立

to build up; to establish; to set up; to found; to take root; tostrike

root

消除

to eliminate; to clear; to remove; to clear up; to take away; tosmooth

away

推理

1.[Logic] inference; reasoning; deduction; ratiocination

2.to reason

3.to put two and two together

相应

1.corresponding; relevant; relative; fitting; appropriate

2.accordingly; correspondingly; by the same token; in acorresponding way

3.to correspond to; to act in responses; to work in concert with;to

support each other

导致

1.to lead to; to bring about (or on); to result in; to cause; tospark off;

t

o conduce to; to procure; to induce; to generate

后果

a consequence; an aftermath; an outcome

检查

to inspect; to check; to examine; to look over; to put to thetest; to keep

a check on

发（奖品）

prize reward award grant assign confer(on) honor fame creditcontribution

acknowledgement recognition

表示程度的副词

very strikingly greatly highly insatiably exceedingly dreadfullyremarkably

drastically dramatically

足够

sufficient adequate enough

剩下几个也是常用的

present justify practicable hence consequently examination

accountable responsible

twist and turn 迂回曲折
might and main 尽全力
part and parcel 重要部分
safe and sound 安然无恙
spick and span 崭新的，极干净的
time and tide 岁月，时光
go to rack and ruin 陷于毁灭
slow and sure 慢而稳，稳妥
hale and hearty 老当益壮
chop and change 变幻莫测（尤指观点,计划等）
fair and foul 在任何情况下
weal and woe 福祸
sum and subs tance 主要情况，要点（尤指讲话的主要部分）
forgive and forget 不念旧恶
wax and wane （月的）盈亏圆缺；盛衰

1 inferno 地狱，可与幸福生活形成强烈对比 the inferno of war

2 inky 用于个人在生活上或科研道路上的迷茫 the inky darkness of one’s pursuit of owndestiny

3 promulgate 公布，颁布法令，新法律 promulgate a belief, and idea, a theory,etc the promulgation of atreaty

4 latency 如作者主张尚未表现出的危险或其主张的长远作用 latent---latent ability , a latentinfection after a carefulexamination, it is no need to go too far to sense that the author’s claimunderlies a latency of peril to both personal and even societal degree./ lurksa latency of profound implication.

5 Connotation 内涵，言外之意――― Hollywood always holds connotation of romanceand glittering success. 贬义词 derogatory connotation

6 Motivate/ ignite 用于深究心理方面深层的原因，或者内因 be motivated by greed, fear, love a teacher who can motive her pupils

7 Nectar 在描写艺术方面的享受时有用，甘露，

8 Emulate 仿效，主要用于名人的作用 emulative 好胜的

9 责任 obligation , responsibility, liability

10 重要 paramount the reduction of unemployment should be paramount in the government’seconomic policy

11 Ponder1 深思 pondering on the meaning of life

12 Delvein/ into 探索，钻研，起源 a writer delving in medieval French literature delve into the origins of the custom

13 Blood 根源 of the same blood

14 演绎推理 deduce 追溯源头

15 Augment增加提高 continuing rainsaugment the flood waters.

16 混乱 turmoil uproar pandemonium chaos thecountry was in a turmoil during the strike. There was uproar over the tax increases. Left in a state of chaos

17 Rotelearning 死记硬背的方法

18 Reminisce 缅怀美好的往事 reminiscence 怀旧 reminiscence of my youth

19 Halcyon太平盛世 halcyon times the halcyon days of youth

20 Quietude平静寂静 equability 平和宁静

21 Equanimity镇静 she maintained herequanimity throughout her long ordeal.

22 Impassivity 泰然自若

23 Equilibrium平衡均势 disturb theequilibrium of the chains of natural environment.

24 Balance-----try to achieve a better balance between work and play. This newspaper maintains a goodbalance in its presentation of different opinions.

25 Placidity平静 the placidity of histemperament

26 Deformity畸形，用于形容教育中重视一方面忽视另一方面

27 Lapse 小错失足 a lapse from grace 失宠 lapse into 陷入 lapse back into bad habits lapse into a coma 时间流逝 after a lapse of several decades

28 Peccadillo小过失 guilty of some mildpeccadillo

29 Falsity 谬误错误

30 Menace威胁，危害 nuclear weapons are amenace to world peace

31 Jeopardize 破坏危害 jeopardous

32 Imperil 危害 the security of the country had been imperiled

33 Transient 转瞬即失的 transient success transience transient years is not enough to make theconclusion

34 Ephemeral 短暂的 ephemeral pleasure

35 Permanent permanence permanency

36 Angle 角度 try looking at the affair from a differentangle

37 Facet 方面角度 there are many facets to this question

38 Dissimilitude 不同不同之处

39 表示实用的功利的 utilitarian function pragmatic utilitarianism pragmatism

40 神话（用于艺术类的issue 中） mythology 神化 apotheosis apotheosize 寓言 allegory fable 圣歌 psalm anthem hymn 亵渎的 profane 圣乐和俗乐 scared and profane music 神灵saint

41 Didactic 教诲的，说教的 教诲 edification inculcate

42 Elicit

43 表示竞争极其后果的词 良性竞争 good-natures rivalry 恶性竞争、循环 vicious circle 憎恨 antipathy

44 Salvation拯救（描写精神，崇高事业时）redemption

45 Mundane 世俗的

46 Ethnocentrism民主优越感 racialism racism 种族主义 nationalism 民族主义 chauvinism 沙文主义 patriotism patriotic 爱国主义

47 Ingrained根深蒂固的

48 注定 predestine destine foreordain

49 Populace 平民

50 描写文化差异/ 相同的词语 cultural shock 设身处地的vicarious vicariously vicarious pleasure, satisfaction be acclimatized to assimilation culturalhomogenization 文化适应 acculturation

51 Emblem象征 the dove is an emblemof peace

52 修辞手法 metaphor onomatopoeia rhetoric

53 Crusade（为争取好的或反对坏的事物的）斗争或运动 a crusade against corruption

54 Transatlantic大西洋彼岸的，横越大西洋的 transatlantic flight, voyage, telephone call a transatlantic trade agreement

55 Tottering蹒跚的

56 Recidivism 累犯

57 Spacecrunch 空间紧缩 crunch

58 表示渠道的词 channel vehicle

59 Melancholy忧郁

60 Epithet 绰号

61 Pernicious 有害的

62 Proclivity倾向

63 家谱 genealogy pedigree

64 政府行为 stipulation of a poverty line

环境：

delicate balance upon whichanimals—including human—depend （ecosystem）生态平衡

the depletion of the atmospheric ozone 臭氧空洞

extinct species, serious pollution of water, excessive cutting ofjungles and rainforests

consumption of the earth’s finite natural resources

社会问题

rely on labor force,equipment, and raw materials of developing countries 企业的需求

increased crime, unemployment, insurrection, hunger, plague, andso forth

vicious competition, vicious circle, monopoly 经济问题 恶性竞争，垄断

科技：

1. impact on daily life/ saturated every aspects in our dailyroutine 科技深入生活

2. we need to control the development and use of technologicalinnovation so that they benefit all aspects of community 防止科技危害生活:

Although scientific discoveries and technological advances haveproduced tremendous improvement in the quality of human life, they also havenegative consequences.

nuclear power, chemical plants, à threaten our life

教育：

education always plays a key role in determining a person’ssuccess 教育决定成功

we must be conscious of our obligations to help those who aretruly infirm, aged or incapable of providing for themselves 公民的责任，帮助困难人员

教育的目的

the primary purpose for education is to transmit democratic values, innovative ideas and so that it canprepare new generations of citizens in society, rather than simply instillinginformation and knowledge.

儿童社会化行为：negotiate, bargain, cajole, compromise, conflict, deceive.

领导教育 value the input of subordinates, by involving them in decisionsabout matters or strategies 接受下属意见

a leader’s effectiveness as a competitor is not necessarilyinconsistent/ exclusive with his or her ability to cooperate with subordinatesor competitors. 合作与竞争不矛盾

冷门热门学科

Students often fail to see the practicality of studyingShakespeare as preparation for a career in business

成功vs失败

success and failure are not opposites, they are both products ofthe same process

an activity which produces a hit also produce a miss

压力

economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, self-inducedpressure


写作常用短语

continuing controversy 长久未解决的问题

anything but决不是

run contrary to common sense and daily experience 与常理相悖

Any government, which is blind to this point, will pay a heavyprice. 政府职责

spare no effort to 不遗余力

even if; even assuming 即使

常用难拼的学科及学家

anthropologist 人类, archeologist 考古, biochemist 生物化学, geologist 地质, linguist 语言, astronomer 天文, psychoanalyst 精神分析， philosopher 哲学家

1. counterproductive adj.产生相反效果（结果）的e.g. It is counterproductive tobe too tough: it just makes the staff resentful.
e.g. Althoughthe speaker overlooks certain circumstances in which undue skepticism might becounterproductive, and even harmful, on balance I agree that weshould not passively accept whatever is passed off as fact; otherwise,human knowledge would never advance.

2. seminal adj.萌芽的，潜在的；开创性的；有重大影响的e.g. in the seminal state （在萌芽状态）|| seminal thoughts || seminal principle（基本原则）
e.g. a seminal book/poet || Thi***periment was to have a seminal influence on his own political development.

3. forgo v.放弃 (The choice to forgo his security is always available, althoughit might carry unpleasant consequence)

4. intuition n.直觉 （I will trust my strong intuition that free will is anessential part of our being as humans.）

5. satisfy v.证明是正当的，公证的；为…寻找正当理由e.g. Such action can be justified onthe grounds of greater efficiency.
e.g. In the finalanalysis, government cannot philosophically justify assisting large cities forthe purpose of either promoting or preserving the nation's cultural traditions;nor is government assistance necessary toward these ends.

6. resort to … 诉诸…
e.g. no necessity to resort to violentactions such as demonstration, riot or rebel.
conduce

7. hinge on … 以…为转移，靠…转动e.g. The claim that society’s destinyhinges on how children are socialized, while appealing in some respects, is anover-statement at best.

8. at best 最多，充其量；以最乐观的观点来看

9. collaborate to …
e.g. For example, scientists,researchers, and even computer programmers must collaborate to establishcommon goals, coordinate efforts, and meet time lines.

10. lend some credence to … 提供支持e.g. While our everyday experience might lendcredence to this assertion.
e.g. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence tothis position, by suggesting that these determining physical forces include ourown individual genetic makeup.

11. dimension n.大小；体积；程度；范围e.g. a creature of huge dimensions.|| I did not realize the dimensions of the problem.
e.g. There is a dimension to the problem that we have not discussed. ||various dimensions of human experience.

12. detractor n.损毁者；贬低者

13. amount to … 相当于；等于e.g. What you say amounts to adirect accusation.
e.g. Even where a fiction work amounts to pure fantasy, with nohistorical context, it can still hold more lasting significance than a factualaccount.

14. fruit ion n.享用, 结果实, 成就, 实现e.g. It is the famous few that providevision of the future, visions which groups then bring to fruition.
e.g. bring one's plans to fruition || After years of hard work, his hopes cameto fruition.
reap v.收获；收割 （The consumer reaps rich rewards from this competitivespirit.）

15. inspire v.激励或鼓舞e.g. To begin with, learning about keyhistorical figures inspires us to achieve great things ourselves --- farmore so than learning about the conditions of groups of people.

16. provide necessary impetus for … 给与…动力e.g. It is almost always a keyindividual who provide the necessary imputes for what otherwise might bea group effort, as discussed below.

17. favor v.赐予；给与e.g. He was favored with greatintelligence. || adduce facts to favor one’s contention.

18. paradigm n.样式；典范；范例 （educational paradigms）

19. obscure v.使阴暗；使朦胧e.g. Generally speaking, then, undueattention to the efforts and contributions of various groups tends to obscurethe cause and effect relationship with which the study of history is chieflyconcerned.

20. take steps to … （take step to help alleviate social problems）

21. serve useful purposes for …
e.g. I agree insofar as some commoncore curriculum would serve useful purposes for any nation
e.g. immediate disclosure would have served no useful purpose and mighteven have resulted in mass hysteria.

22. nascent adj.初生的 （in a nascentcondition/stage/state || a nascent industry/ literature/art）

23. reach a （fully informed） consensus as to …对于达成共识

24. unfettered adj.除去脚镣的；自由而不受约束的

25. irrespective of whether … 无论如何e.g. While we must invest in research irrespectiveof whether the results might be controversial.

26. draw a distinction between … （One useful approachis to draw a distinction between personal morality and public morality）

27. catalyst n.催化剂；刺激因素e.g. circumstance often serves as acatalyst for heroism.

28. account for …解释原因e.g. This combination of very highdensity of population, goods and services, and machines, allincreasing withalmost brutal speed, does account for some really antisocialtendencies in modernurban growth.

29. proviso n.限制性条款；（附带）条件e.g. Thecarpenter agreed to do the work, with the proviso that he was paid inadvance.
e.g. Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I fundamentally disagreewith the speaker’s claim.

30. conversely adv.相反的 （They hold converse opinion || Without knowledge, we can hardly survivethrough abominable conditions, depending solely on the admiration of the beingsderived from imagination. Conversely, without imagination, we can as well notpossible to get through due to the impediment of knowledge and the depletion ofspiritual asylums.）

31. core values upon which any (democratic ) society depends to thrive. 一个社会赖以繁荣的价值核心

32. be superior (in …) to … 比更好，更优秀e.g. this engineis superior in every respect to that. || whenever moving images are central toan event the video camera is superior to a written word.

33. proceeding n.行动, 进行,会议录, 学报 （legal proceeding || governmental proceedings）

34. thwart v.反对；妨碍；挫败e.g. thegovernment’s strategies for thwarting specific plans of an internationalterrorist or a drug trafficker.

35. public panic 公众恐慌

36. unprecedented adj.空前的，史无前例的 （the society is changing at a speed which is quite unprecedented）

37. inexorable adj.不可阻挡的；坚持不懈的；无情的 （Facts are inexorable || the inexorablemarch of science）

38. Science is on the march. || the marchof science/events/time

39. make great effort 努力； make every effort 尽一切努力；overcome a myriad of politicalimpediments克服政治障碍

40. a myriad of 无数，数不清 （Each galaxy contains myriad of stars）

41. while parochial social problems gounsolved. || mitigate(缓和) the problems || address pressingsocial problems

42. take precedence over …
e.g. This interest might takeprecedence over the historic value of an old structure that stands in theway of a parking structure.

43. strike a balance among competing interest

44. serve as asubstitute for …取代…
be superseded by 代替；取代
e.g. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to besuperseded by simpler, more immediate options.

45. 源自于：emerge from … （in every age andculture some worthwhile art and literature emerges from the mediocrity.）
stem from … （prevailing attitudes about ***ualmorality stem from the ideas of key religious leaders）
spring from…
e.g. this desire toidentify oneself with an exclusive social group seems to spring fromsome innate psychological need to define one's self through one's personalassociations.

46. 坏影响；负面影响：
detrimental effects of … （In politics, the detrimentaleffects of competition are blatant.）
negative/adverse effects on/to

47. 名人notablefigures
celebrity
elite
personality （television personalities）

48. 普遍；普及prevailing adj.普遍的；流行的；占优势的 （the prevailing view in Westerncorporate culture || prevailing principle）
popular adj.
prevalent adj. （The habit of traveling by aircraft is becoming more prevalent eachyear.）

49. 灌输；教育instill v. （Courtesy must be instilled inchildhood || Morality may be instilled into their minds）
inculcate v. （inculcate the young with a sense of duty.）
impart v. （A good teacher imparts wisdomto his pupils.）
foster v.养育, 抚育, 培养, 鼓励（Frequent cultural exchange willcertainly help foster friendly relations between our two universities.|| detect and foster artistic talent. || to foster an interest inmusic）
nurture v.养育, 给与营养物, 教养 （While the speaker might overlook thebenefits of nurturing certain emotions and feels, on balance I agreethat …）

50. 充满；装满be ladenwith … （History is laden with unusualclaims || be laden with responsibility）
be replete with … （Modern politics is replete with examples of what most people wouldconsider personal ethical fallings）
be fraught with … (a complexissue that is fraught with the problems of defining ethics, morality,and successful leadership）

51. 癖性；偏好idiosyncratic adj.特性的；癖性的 （Given a choice they will pursue theirown idiosyncratic area of interest.）
inclination n. （follow one's own inclination || I have no inclination to be a doctor.）

52. 若干重；若干刃
a double-edged sword 双刃剑e.g. This type ofadvertisement can be a doubt-edged sword, when the product does not make theperson “be like” the person in the advertisement, there can be disappointmentand disillusionment with the product.
a two-edged weapon 双重武器e.g. As is sooften pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equallyfor good or evil.
twofold/threefold/manifold adj.双重/三重/多种e.g. We have toask ourselves very seriously what will happen is this twofold use of knowledge,with its ever-increasing power, continues.
e.g. The City Council has a manifold plan to beautify the city.

53. have little bearing on … 与…无关e.g. Moreover,assisting large cities would have little bearing on our distinctcultural traditions, which abide elsewhere.
with respect to… 关于e.g. Personaleconomic success might be due either to one's investment strategy or to one'swork or career. With respect to the former, non-conformists with enoughrisk tolerance and patience invariably achieve more success than conformists. Withrespect to the latter, while non-conformists are more likely to succeed innewer industries where markets and technology are in constant flux, conformistsare more likely to succeed in traditional service industries ensconced insystems and regulations.

54. 先天的，天生的innate adj.先天的, 天生的 （Correct ideas are not innate in the mind, but come fromsocial practice.）
[O] acquired adj.后天习得的
inborn adj.天生的 （an inborn sense ofthe appropriate || inborn intelligence）

55. 利用；有益于conduce to 有助于e.g. encouraging students to questionand criticize is conducing to the development of democratic spirits.
be beneficial to …
e.g. A national core curriculum would be beneficial to a nation in anumber of respects.
harness v.利用e.g. The dilemma facing leadersin all areas of life is how to best assess these individuals to determine howto best harness heir capabilities to reach their ultimate productivecapabilities.
take advantage of …
make its contribution to …

56. 消除；减轻
eliminate v. 排除，消除（eliminate the false and retain the true || eliminate thepossibility of= preclude the possibility of）
diminish v. 使减小，使变少（diminish one’s reputation || diminish the cost of production）
undermine v.破坏，削弱 （formal study of thepresent culture at the expanse of studying past cultures can underminethe function of higher education, and ultimately provide a disservice tostudents and to society.）

57. 恶化；加剧
exacerbate v. 恶化, 增剧, 激怒, 使加剧, 使烦恼e.g. Thisproblems would only be exacerbated were these decisions left exclusivelyto federal regulators.
e.g. a speech that exacerbated racial tensions || a heavy rainfall that exacerbatedthe flood problems.
aggravate v.

58. 过度；过分
exorbitant adj.过度的；过高的 （exorbitant rents || exorbitantly expensive || exorbitant amount of money）
undue adj.过度的；过分的 （apply undue pressure to make s.b. change his mind）
overemphasize v.

59. 导致、造成pose 引起某事物，造成，提出e.g. Winter posesparticular difficulties for the elderly.
e.g. However, a common curriculum that is also an exclusive one would posecertain problems.
render v.致使，造成e.g. Your actionhas rendered our contract invalid.e.g. This trend renders a society’s members more vulnerable todemagoguery.
breed v.导致；造成e.g. The speakerunfairly suggests that large cities serve as the primary breeding groundand sanctuaries for a nation’s cultural traditions.
e.g. Dirt breeds disease. || Unemployment breeds social unrest ( 社会不安定 ) .
burgeon v.迅速发展；发芽 （burgeoning cities || burgeoning Internet commerce）
outgrowth n.长出, 派出, 结果, 副产物e.g. A thirduniquely contemporary problem is an outgrowth of the inexorable advancement ofscientific knowledge.
e.g. Inflation is an outgrowth of war.

60. 探求、努力：
seek to …探求，寻求
e.g. One compelling argument in favor of a global university has to do with thefact that its faculty and students would bring diverse cultural and educationalperspectives to the problems they seek to solve.
strive to …努力e.g. studentsshould strive to excel in the specific requirements of their major course ofstudy
probe v./n.探求，探查
e.g. probe a matter to the bottom
e.g. Does his/her cultural background allows him/her to freely probe theintricacy of the work?
e.g. Even in his philosophical probinghe cannot go behind these stereotypes; his veryconcepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particulartraditional customs.

61. 资助、赞助：subsidize v.资助, 津贴 （Subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of government.）
patron n.资助人；赞助人 （cultural patron）
on the patronage of …
e.g. culture has always depended primarily on the patronage ofprivate individuals and businesses.
under the auspices of …
e.g. During this period, on significant scientific advances occurred underthe auspices of the government.

62. 增强、提高escalate v.增强提高 （the escalating cost of addressingthese problems）
enhance/ promote/ augment / elevate v. （… was elevating their notion about …）

63. 方法、途径：
avenue n.大街, 方法, 途径, 路 （an avenue to success）
approach n.

64. ostensible adj.表面上的e.g. Today'shigh-tech firms seem compelled to boldly go to what effort is required todevise increasingly complex products, for the ostensible purpose ofstaying ahead of their

65. 获得；达到 ||||角度；方面 ||| 短暂/长远 ||| 危险；危害 |||| 分配 ||||最后地；最终地
acquire/gain/attain/achieve |||| angles/aspect/facet/side/respect ||||transient, ephemeral / enduring, permanent |||| menace, jeopardize, imperil,endanger |||| allocate/ distribute/ assign |||| eventually/ultimately